c) Thymus vulgaris d) Santalum album. Penguin 1997. page 145, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Culinary Rhubarb Production in North America: History and Recent Statistics", "Did John Bartram introduce rhubarb to North America? They are sphaeroidal or angular in shape. Biological Source # 4. 4. • It is also known as rheum, radix rhei and rhubarb rhizome. Her first husband, Jim L. Townsend, 68, was a drug in the early 1990s. Nutritional and clinical studies as well as development of its use in food products are warranted to promote this crop. Commonly, it is stewed with sugar or used in pies and desserts, but it can also be put into savoury dishes or pickled. biological activities, pharmacological uses and future prospects for therapeutic applications of Rheum rhabarbarum L. (garden rhubarb) and Rheum rhapon-ticum L. (rhapontic rhubarb). [5] The leaf stalks can be used raw, when they have a crisp texture (similar to celery, although it is in a different family), but are most commonly cooked with sugar and used in pies, crumbles and other desserts. The lipid-lowering effects of rhubarb stalk fiber: A new source of dietary fiber. Cooking the leaves with baking soda can make them more poisonous by producing soluble oxalates. Rhubarb is a biological source of organic acids, vitamin C and minerals. Rhubarb is a vegetable derived from cultivated plants in the genus Rheum in the family Polygonaceae. R. undulatum) and R. rhaponticum were grown in Europe before the 18th century and used for medicinal purposes. Its high oxalic acid content may, however, be a limiting factor for its use. In this research, HPLC fingerprint and delayed luminescence (DL, a rapid and systematic tool) were used to measure the rhubarb … [4], Although rhubarb is a vegetable, it is often put to the same culinary uses as fruits. III. USES:- Treatment of diarrhoea, Treatment of wounds, As a substitute for blood plasma etc., 2. Content Filtrations 6. More than 250 constituents including anthraquinones (emodin, chrysophanol, physcion, aloe-emodin, and emodin glycosides), anthrones, flavonoids, acylglucosides, pyrones stilbene etc. Content Guidelines 2. Intake of carotenoids and retinol in relation to risk of prostate cancer. [31] The specific epithet rhaponticum, applying to one of the presumed parents of the cultivated plant, means 'rha from the region of the Black Sea'. received daily in soup 300 g. rhubarb leaves. They are cluster crystals as big as 100 micron in diameter with well defined and pointed corners many in number and scattered all over. [7] In temperate climates, rhubarb is one of the first food plants harvested, usually in mid- to late spring (April or May in the Northern Hemisphere, October or November in the Southern Hemisphere), and the season for field-grown plants lasts until the end of summer. Geographical source: Biological hazards can be introduced to food from the environment ... as well as mouldy vegetables and grains; however the major source of patulin contamination is from apples and apple products. However, in 1947 the U.S courts listed it as a fruit because of its appearance as a dessert.But that is not the point here. Though tart and slightly sour when raw, rhubarb is surprisingly sweet and versatile in these delicious recipes. (v) Surface: Smooth, pale brown to reddish and mottled due to reddish- brown network of medullary rays in white parenchyma of phloem or xylem. The large rhizomes are 6- 10 years old and they grow at an elevation of 3000 to 4000 metres. Paris: Jean Baptiste Loyson & Augustin Pillon, 1694, p. 50. Rhubarb is also a great source of vitamin K 1, which is important for blood clotting and bone health. Please look at our other items from Ukraine. [17], The cost of transportation across Asia made rhubarb expensive in medieval Europe. ≥99% (HPLC), from rhubarb Synonym: 3,3′,5-Trihydroxy-4′-methoxystilbene 3-O-β-D-glucoside, NSC 43321, Rhaponticin CAS Number 155-58-8. The species Rheum rhabarbarum (syn. (vi) Odour: Characteristic, slightly aromatic. The large, triangular leaves contain high levels of oxalic acid and anthrone glycosides, making them inedible. 1. The use of rhubarb stalks as food is a relatively recent innovation. Privacy Policy 8. MDL number MFCD00010117. Coming back bigger and better each season, this plant requires very little care. Some markers include DNA methylation, telomere length, blood test markers (glucose, cholesterol, platelet count, etc.). Powder on treatment with caustic potash gives blood red colour. [47], In the petioles (leaf stalks), the proportion of oxalic acid is about 10% of the total 2–2.5% acidity, which derives mainly from malic acid. Molecular Weight 420.41 . This usage was first recorded in 18th to 19th-century England after affordable sugar became more widely available.[17][19]. The small flowersare gro… Rhubarb is a host, damage being visible mainly on the leaves and stalks, with gummosis, and oval or circular feeding and/or egg-laying sites.[50]. Before publishing your articles on this site, please read the following pages: 1. Stems of rhubarb were a poor source of vitamin C [ascorbic acid]; samples obtained between May and October contained from 6 to 22 mg. per 100 g. Leaves were a good source, with from 93 to 260 mg. per 100 g. Two puppies weighing 7.2 and 4.2 kg. 9/8/20196 7. The most popular accompanying spice to use is ginger, although cinnamon and nutmeg are also popular additions. This may be due to the low cytotoxicity selectivity of rhubarb at high doses. It consists of the peeled dried rhizomes and roots of Rheum palmatum Linn. Delivery: Ukraine Air Mail 10-17 working days. Disclaimer 9. Chinese (C.) vegetables are a major source calcium, but the bioavailability is unknown and likely affected by oxalic acid content. (ii) Size: Rounds, Flats, Length: 5-12 cm. (i) Colour: Yellowish brown to reddish brown. 4-hr reentry. Marjorie Harvey, who is Steve's third wife was also previously married. Previous studies have revealed that rhubarb extracts attenuated the increase of transforming growth factor-β 1 (TGF-β1) in CKD rats. Empirical Formula (Hill Notation) C 21 H 24 O 9. ***** All our seeds are fresh, organically grown, NON-GMO, selected and quality grown in Ukraine, one of the most developed agricultural countries. (i) General appearance: Rounds, flats or high-dried drug. Perfect for pies and delightful when combined with strawberries in a cobbler. Notable biological acti viti es reported rro111 ,, ,l. vari ous parts or the plant and its isolates arc cath arti c. antibacteri al, fatal poisOfling, antiviral, antiinllammatory, mollusciudal, anticoagulant, spas molytic, cytotoxicity. Coming back bigger and better each season, this plant requires very little care. The fleshy, edible stalks (petioles) of other species and hybrids (culinary rhubarb) were cooked and used for food. Biological Source: Dried leaflets of Cassia senna (Cassia acutifolia) also known commercially as Alexandrian senna or khartoum senna and Cassia angustifolia, which is commercially known as Tinnevelly senna or Indian senna.Should not be confused with Cassia which is a common name for cinnamon. The aglycone, rhapontigenin, is thought to be the biologically active form of rhaponticin. This fiber source has been shown to have a pronounced lipid lowering effect in mice. It is found in China, Tibet, Germany and other Europine countries. The LD50 (median lethal dose) for pure oxalic acid in rats is about 375 mg/kg body weight,[42] or about 25 grams for a 65-kilogram (143 lb) human. Calcium absorption generally reflected oxalic acid content. These plants belong to the family Polygonaceae. The leaves are also used to make medicine. In the United States the common usage of rhubarb in pies has led to it being nicknamed ‘pie plant’, by which it is referred to in many 19th century US cookbooks. [16] Later, it also started arriving via the new maritime routes, or overland through Russia. These in turn derive from a Persian name for species of Rheum. EC Number 205-845-0. Tubulointerstitial fibrosis is the final common pathway for all kidney diseases leading to chronic kidney disease (CKD). [24], The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit:[25], The word rhubarb is likely to have derived in the 14th century from the Old French rubarbe, which came from the Latin rheubarbarum and Greek rha barbaron, meaning 'foreign rhubarb'. Jim was eventually indicted for attempting to buy 40 kilos of cocaine and sentenced to life in prison. It also contains astringent substances such as ghicogallin free gallic acid, catechins and epicatechin gallate. to Rhubarb in a rat model of traumatic brain injury Xia Xu1 ... Background: The brain is secondarily harmed by pathological, physiological, and biological reactions that are caused by traumatic brain injury (TBI). Rhubarb has been used as a traditional Chinese medicine since ancient times and today it is still present in various herbal preparations. The biological source of cinnamon: a) Cinnamomum zeylanicum b) Cinnamomum cassia blume. Biological source: Digitalis consists of dried leaves of Digitalis purpurea Linn. The use of mouldy fruit increases the likelihood of patulin contamination in juices or ciders. It is still eaten this way in western Finland, Norway, Canada, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, the Faroe Islands and Sweden, and also some other parts of the world. Ans: c. Biological source of Garlic is: a) Allium sativum b) Pinus roxburghii. Rhubarb is native to central Asia, and awareness of its medicinal qualities as a physic goes back five thousand years in China, and it was in common use among Arabs, Greeks and Romans in ancient times. Hungry wildlife may dig up and eat rhubarb roots in the spring, as stored starches are turned to sugars for new foliage growth. Rhubarb can be dehydrated and infused with fruit juice. Family: Scrophulariaceae . Empirical Formula (Hill Notation) C 21 H 24 O 9. Discussion. The "Russian rhubarb" was the most valued, probably because of the rhubarb-specific quality control system maintained by the Russian Empire. chronic rcn;ll failure, chemiluminescence quencing and anti -platelet acti vities. Do not use near sulfur applications, below 45°F, above 90°F, or when plants are under heat or moisture stress. Rhubarb has long been used as an antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic and anticancer medicine in China. [15] Though Dioscurides' description of ρηον or ρά indicates that a medicinal root brought to Greece from beyond the Bosphorus may have been rhubarb, commerce in the drug did not become securely established until Islamic times. TOS 7. J Natl Cancer Inst. RHUBARB POWDER BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried powdered rhizome of Rheum webbianum. Delivery: Ukraine Air Mail 10-17 working … Organic Gardening. Many cultivars have been developed for human consumption, most of which are recognised as Rheum × hybridum by the Royal Horticultural Society.[6]. Plant will be ready to pick off in 2 years from seeds. Rhubarb grown in hothouses (heated greenhouses) is called "hothouse rhubarb", and is typically made available at consumer markets in early spring, before outdoor cultivated rhubarb is available. Nutrition Reserach 1993;13:1017-1024. There are several tests and biological markers that can give you a sense of your biological age and cellular health. [31], Rhubarb is grown primarily for its fleshy leafstalks, technically known as petioles. (vii) Taste: bitter, slight, astringent, gritty. Burdock root is sometimes used as food. You can get inexpensive chrysophanol with discounted price from the most reputable wholesalers. Ground rhubarb stalk fiber containing, on a dry weight basis, 74% total dietary fiber (66% insoluble and 8% soluble) was prepared from rhubarb plants. [48] Both fatal and non-fatal cases of rhubarb poisoning may be caused not by oxalates, but rather by toxic anthraquinone glycosides. Dig a hole several inches deep and space plants 18" apart. Payment PayPal. [36] The long term consumption of oxalic acid leads to kidney stone formation in humans. The merchant explorer Marco Polo therefore searched for the place where the plant was grown and harvested, discovering that it was cultivated in the mountains of Tangut province. reme . To provide a basis for controlling the quality of rhubarb under artificial cultivation, the present work was designed to evaluate the contents of 14 active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) of rhubarb in major rhubarb production areas in China and analyze the correlations between the contents of API and such factors as species, geographic distribution and soil. [17] Certain species came to be grown in England to produce the roots. Scientists from Porton Down and the Royal Navy released biological agents off the coast of the Isle of Lewis, testing the effects on 3,500 caged guinea pigs and monkeys. TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway plays a key role in renal fibrosis. Rhubarb is a cultivated plant in the genus Rheum in the family Polygonaceae. MDL number MFCD00010117. (iv) Shape: Cylindrical, conical, Piano- convex Barrel shape. Sprague, a small to medium-sized evergreen tree of … Historically, different plants have been called "rhubarb" in English. Researchers found that rhubarb fiber could actually increase excretion of bile acids and induction of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity in both the normal and the cholesterol-fed mice. Rhubarb damaged by severe cold should not be eaten, as it may be high in oxalic acid, which migrates from the leaves and can cause illness. Lori was adopted by Steve, but her biological dad is believed to be a convicted Memphis drug dealer. Nutrition Reserach 1993;13:1017-1024. 3. The incident occurred on Monday at Dankargo village in … [19] Rhubarb was grown in Scotland from at least 1786, having been introduced to the Botanical Garden in Edinburgh by the traveller Bruce of Kinnaird. Plagiarism Prevention 4. In former days, a common and affordable sweet for children in parts of the United Kingdom and Sweden was a tender stick of rhubarb, dipped in sugar. In people with chronic kidney failure, levels of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine are often high, as the kidneys struggle to eliminate waste products from the blood. Rheum officinale and other species of rhubarb, excepting Rheum rhaponticum. Payment PayPal. The current study demonstrated that rhubarb extract provided significant protection against radiation-induced apoptosis and reduced ROS generation in primary neuronal cultures. It consists of the peeled dried rhizomes and roots of Rheum palmatum Linn. After collection leaves are dried immediately at temperature below 60 C and they contain no more than 5% moisture. Biological Source: Dried underground parts (rhizome and root) of Rheum officinale or Rheum palmatum or hybrid of both are used for medicinal purposes: Family: Polygonaceae: Geographical Source: Rheum officinale or Rheum palmatum are grown in China whereas the other species Rheum webbianum or Rheum emodi are native to India, Pakistan or Nepal. Copyright 10. Rhubarb is extremely easy to grow. anthocyanins, navonoids, anthraglycosicles, polyphenols, organic acids, essential oi ls, vitamins, chromenes, chromanone and chromone glycosides. Perfect for pies and delightful when combined with strawberries in a cobbler. The lipid-lowering effects of rhubarb stalk fiber: A new source of dietary fiber. Shipping the day after payment. Make the most of it with fresh cocktails, decadent desserts and meaty main dishes. Rheum is cultivated in Europe and North America. The species Rheum ribes has been eaten in the Islamic world since the 10th century.[32]. The use of mouldy fruit increases the likelihood of patulin contamination in juices or ciders. The aglycone, rhapontigenin, is thought to be the biologically active form of rhaponticin. The money covers start-up costs before sales of strawberries, blueberries and vegetables begin. c) Cinnamomum burmanii d) Cinnamomum loireirii. Report a Violation, Black Catechu: Sources, Macroscopical Characters and Uses, Podophyllum: Sources, Macroscopical Characters and Uses (With Diagram). As a component of rhubarb, rhaponticin may be present in the human diet both in foods and dietary supplements. Rhubarb is both quick growing and hardy. In conclusion, rhubarb appears to be a potential source of dietary fiber of high biological value having a profound lipid lowering effect. Biochemistry and Biophysics Volume 274, Issue 2, 1 November 1989, Pages 532-538. Prohibited Content 3. This helps to reduce dependence on bank financing, making the … Hydrogen can be produced by anerobic fermentative bacteria such as Clostridia as an ‘electron sink’, thereby providing a method of removing NADH from the system. and Rheum Officinale Baillon, but not of Rheum rhaponticum Linn. The Vessels are very wide, reticulately thickened and do not show any lignin reaction with the usual phloroglucinol + HCl. Choose a sunny well-draines area. Botanical source: Rhubarb consists of the dried peeled rhizome of various Rheum species, particularly Rheum palmatum Linn. Family: Polygonaceae. EC Number 205-845-0. Antioxidant activity (ABTS assay), total phenolics and total anthocyanins were determined in the petioles of twenty‐nine rhubarb (Rheum spp.) The basic idea behind biological aging is that aging occurs as you gradually accumulate damage to various cells and tissues in the body. Use for desserts, jellies, compotes and jams. 06 (b) Draw and describe macroscopic and microscopic characters of Indian Senna. Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum), or common buckwheat, is a plant cultivated for its grain-like seeds and as a cover crop.The name "buckwheat" is used for several other species, such as Fagopyrum tataricum, a domesticated food plant raised in Asia.Despite the name, buckwheat is not related to wheat, as it is not a grass.Instead, buckwheat is related to sorrel, knotweed, and rhubarb. It is also used to make Kompot. 8510 - Rhubarb: nice red rhubarb. 2) Kidney Disease Kidney Failure. To calculate biological age, we use epigenetic data, specifically DNA methylation, from a blood sample or another source (more on that in a minute). It is a herbaceous perennial growing from short, thick rhizomes. Rhubarb is a biological source of organic acids, vitamin "C" and minerals, which are so necessary in the spring, when there are no fresh fruit. Species of herbaceous perennial plant with fleshy, sour edible stalks, Lawrence D Hills. Rheum officinale and other species of rhubarb, excepting Rheum rhaponticum . The resulting compote, sometimes thickened with corn starch, can then be used in pies, tarts and crumbles. 05 (c) Describe active constituents of Senna giving their structures and chemical tests for identification. Notable biological acti viti es … [34], In traditional Chinese medicine, rhubarb roots of several species were used as a laxative for several millennia,[35] although there is no clinical evidence to indicate such use is effective. DNA methylation is basically a chemical modification to your DNA—it doesn’t change the sequence of your DNA, but it does regulate which genes get turned on and which get turned off. FAMILY:- Polygonaece. The genus includes the vegetable rhubarb.The species have large somewhat triangular shaped leaves with long, fleshy petioles. Rhubarb is extremely easy to grow. [8] Serious cases of rhubarb poisoning are not well documented. Q.1 (a) Describe biological source, cultivation, collection, packing and uses of Indian Senna. Rhubarb (also named Rhei or Dahuang), one of the most ancient and important herbs in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), belongs to the Rheum L. genus from the Polygonaceae family, and its application can be traced back to 270 BC in “Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing”. [30] The Greek physician Dioscorides used the Greek word ῥᾶ (rha), whereas Galen later used ῥῆον (rhēon), Latin rheum. PECTIN BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- It obtained by dilute acid extract of the Rind of Citrus, Apple fruits etc., NATURE:- Viscous, colloidal & mucilaginous. It was several times the price of other valuable herbs and spices such as cinnamon, opium, and saffron. Rhubarb is a biological source of organic acids, vitamin "C" and minerals, which are so necessary in the spring, when there are no fresh fruit. Stilbene derivatives from rhubarb have also been shown to have biological effects (e.g ... Yoon, & Kim, 2002) and related resveratrol derivatives from other plant sources have received much attention (Baur & Sinclair, 2006). The precise origin of culinary rhubarb is unknown. Both experimental and clinical studies have indicated that a novel source of dietary fibre, produced from rhubarb (Rheum rhaponticum) stalks, is potentially hypolipidaemic. Bi ZQ, Kang ZQ, and Zheng FL. Plant as soon as soil can be worked. Please, visit my store. Plant as … The small flowers are grouped in large compound leafy greenish-white to rose-red inflorescences. Overview Information Strawberry is a plant. Molecular Weight 420.41 . Rhubarb is a vegetable derived from cultivated plants in the genus Rheum in the family Polygonaceae. They have a strong, tart taste. 05 Q.2 (a) Describe cultivation, collection, drying, storage and uses of Digitalis. The fruit is eaten and used to make medicine. Ans: a _____ is not the use of Allium sativum. Geographical source: [36][37], The roots and stems contain anthraquinones, such as emodin and rhein. Alternatively, greater quantities of sugar can be added with pectin to make jams. [15] The value of rhubarb can be seen in Ruy Gonzáles de Clavijo's report of his embassy in 1403–05 to Timur in Samarkand: "The best of all merchandise coming to Samarkand was from China: especially silks, satins, musk, rubies, diamonds, pearls, and rhubarb..."[18], The high price as well as the increasing demand from apothecaries stimulated efforts to cultivate the different species of rhubarb on European soil. Biological hazards can be introduced to food from the environment ... as well as mouldy vegetables and grains; however the major source of patulin contamination is from apples and apple products. Double Nickel LC at 0.5 to 6 quarts/A on 3- … However, modern rhubarb cultivars are tetraploids with 2n = 44, in contrast to 2n = 22 for the wild species. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Heterdianthrones, Catechin. Mascio PD, Kaiser S, Sies H. Lycopene as the most efficient biological carotenoid singlet oxygen quencher. The root, leaf, and seed are used as medicine. The fleshy, edible stalks (petioles) of other species and hybrids (culinary rhubarb) were cooked and used for food. The large, triangular leaves contain high levels of oxalic acid and anthrone glycosides, making them inedible. [43] While the oxalic acid content of rhubarb leaves can vary, a typical value is about 0.5%,[44] meaning a 65 kg adult would need to eat 4 to 8 kg (9 to 18 lbs) to obtain a lethal dose, depending on which lethal dose is assumed. ≥99% (HPLC), from rhubarb Synonym: 3,3′,5-Trihydroxy-4′-methoxystilbene 3-O-β-D-glucoside, NSC 43321, Rhaponticin CAS Number 155-58-8. Harvest fruit third year. The roots of some species were first used in medicine. They readily hybridize, and culinary rhubarb was developed by selecting open-pollinated seed, so that its precise origin is almost impossible to determine. The anthraquinones are chrysophenol, aloe-emodin, emodin, physcion and rhein anthrones or dianthrones are of chrysophenol, emodin. The root and underground stem (rhizome) are used to make medicine. Its high oxalic acid content may, however, be a limiting factor for its use. [22] From the first, the familiar garden rhubarb was not the only Rheum in American gardens: Thomas Jefferson planted R. undulatum at Monticello in 1809 and 1811, observing that it was "Esculent rhubarb, the leaves excellent as Spinach. A 30-year-old father, Alhassan Ya’u has slaughtered his one-year-old biological son, Sani Alhassan. [20], Though it is often asserted that rhubarb first came to the United States in the 1820s,[21] John Bartram was growing medicinal and culinary rhubarbs in Philadelphia from the 1730s, planting seeds sent to him by Peter Collinson. Although numerous studies have demonstrated that rhubarb can inhibit multiple biological processes and signaling pathways in tumors, few clinical applications have been reported. (viii) Star spot: Within the cambium star spots. ", "Safety (MSDS) data for oxalic acid dihydrate", "THE ORGANIC ACIDS OF RHUBARB (RHEUM HYBRIDUM). Canada: 45-60 days. Find 2020 quality & cheap chrysophanol for sale. Most of the surface is covered with yellow powder. Aloe- emodin or physcion. Rhubarb stalks are poetically described as "crimson stalks". Synonyms Biological Source Family Chemical constituents Organoleptic Character Chemical test Uses of Rhubarb. Rhubarb is both quick growing and hardy. [14] It appears in The Divine Farmer's Herb-Root Classic which is thought to have been compiled about 1,800 years ago. In this review the toxicological and anti‐neoplastic potentials of the main anthraquinones from Rhubarb, Rheum palmatum, will be highlighted. Other sources give a much higher oral LDLo (lowest published lethal dose) of 600 mg/kg. [11] Rhubarb is ready to consume as soon as harvested, and freshly cut stalks are firm and glossy. Rhubarb has been shown to possess broad spectrum activities, such as antioxidant (Silveira et al., ... and its pharmacological mechanism of action are limited by the inability to measure a wide spectrum of potential biological changes. Biological assay and its relation to chemical structure. After drying leaves are stored in moisture proof container. Illustration of rhubarb, from Pierre Pomet, Histoire generale des drogues. [33] Rhubarb in the US is also often paired with strawberries to make strawberry-rhubarb pie, though some rhubarb purists jokingly consider this "a rather unhappy marriage".[33]. Moreover, biological activities are essential for herbal quality, and should be taken into consideration with emphasized in quality control. Rhaponticin (3,3′,5-trihydroxy-4′-methoxystilbene 3-O-β-d-glucoside; synonym–rhapontin), is a stilbene compound, mainly found in various species of rhubarb (Rheum L.). 8510 - Rhubarb: nice red rhubarb. Rhubarb leaves contain poisonous substances, including oxalic acid, a nephrotoxin. (iii) With 5% potassium hydroxide give blood- red colour. The colour results from the presence of anthocyanins, and varies according to both rhubarb variety and production technique. These constituents have also been reported to possess a spectrum of biological properties, including antioxidant, antitumor and anti-inflammatory effects. (ii) Odour: Characteristic, empyreumatic odour. [17] Grieve claims a date of 1820 in England. PubChem Substance ID … Various chemical constituents isolated from rhubarb (Rheum) species include anthraquinones, di anthrones, stilbencs. Historically, different plants have been called "rhubarb" in English. "[23], The advocate of organic gardening Lawrence D. Hills listed his favourite rhubarb varieties for flavour as ‘Hawke's Champagne’, ‘Victoria’, ‘Timperley Early’, and ‘Early Albert’, also recommending ‘Gaskin's Perpetual’ for having the lowest level of oxalic acid, allowing it to be harvested over a much longer period of the growing season without developing excessive sourness. One test is known as the ‘epigenetic clock’, a biochemical analysis of DNA methylation levels, long known to decline with age. Historically, different plants have been called "rhubarb" in English and used for two distinct purposes.